El sitio exacto de su nacimiento se desconoce, pero es muy probable que fuera en algún lugar de Renania.^[1] Rey de los francos (768-814), hijo natural de Pipino el Breve y Bertrada de Laon, su madre, a quien Pipino el Breve hizo luego su esposa oficial legitimando así a Carlomagno, lo educó muy a su manera en la práctica de la misericordia cristiana. Fue nieto de Carlos Martel, quien inició una ambiciosa política de expansión territorial, que lo enfrentó a germanos, bizantinos y musulmanes. En un intento por restaurar el antiguo Imperio romano de Occidente, Carlomagno se hizo proclamar emperador por el papa León III el día de Navidad del año 800 en la iglesia de San Pedro, en Roma.

En sus últimos años, Carlomagno sufrió una cojera producto de una caída desde su caballo pero se sobrepuso a ella y la sobrellevó con dignidad.

A fines de 813 sufrió fiebres. A pesar de ello se empeñó en salir de caza en contra de los consejos de sus médicos. A su regreso, su salud estaba más deteriorada, la fiebre se incrementó y él -como acostumbraba en estos casos- se autoprescribió un ayuno. Murio de pleuresía en enero de 814.

Historia del Cine

Es la técnica de proyectar fotogramas de forma rápida y sucesiva para crear la impresión de movimiento, mostrando algún vídeo (o película, o film, o filme). La palabra cine designa también las salas o teatros en los cuales se proyectan las películas. Etimológicamente, la palabra cine proviene del griego κινή (kiné), que significa "movimiento" (ver, entre otras, "cinético", "cinética", "kinesiología", "cineteca", etcétera).

Como forma de narrar historias o acontecimientos, se le considera un arte, y comúnmente, considerando las seis artes del mundo clásico, se le denomina séptimo arte. No obstante, debido a la diversidad de películas y a la libertad de creación, es difícil definir lo que es el cine hoy. Sin embargo, las creaciones cinematográficas que se ocupan de la narrativa, montaje, guionismo, y que en la mayoría de los casos consideran al director como el verdadero autor, son consideradas manifestaciones artísticas, o cine arte (cine de arte). Por otra parte, a la creación documental o periodística se le clasifica según su género. A pesar de esto, y por la participación en documentales y filmes periodísticos de personal con visión propia, única y posiblemente artística (directores, fotógrafos y camarógrafos, entre otros), es muy difícil delimitar la calidad artística de una producción cinematográfica. La industria cinematográfica se ha convertido en un negocio importante en lugares como Hollywood y Bombay (el denominado "Bollywood").

Historia del Cine

La historia del cine comienza el 28 de diciembre de 1895, fecha en la que los hermanos Lumière proyectaron públicamente la salida de obreros de una fábrica francesa en Lyon.El éxito de este invento fue inmediato, no sólo en Francia, sino también en toda Europa y América del Norte. En un año los hermanos Lumière creaban más de 500 películas, marcadas por la ausencia de actores y los decorados naturales, la brevedad, la ausencia de montaje y la posición fija de la cámara. El desarrollo de las nuevas técnicas cinematográficas, de una mayor narrativa, y la elaboración de los primeros guiones de ficción, provocó que los hermanos Lumière quedaran en segundo plano en el crecimiento de su cinematógrafo.El arte de la cinematografía alcanzó su plena madurez antes de la aparición de las películas con sonido. Dado que el cine mudo no podía servirse de audio sincronizado con la imagen para presentar los diálogos, se añadían títulos para aclarar la situación a la audiencia o para mostrar conversaciones importantes.En los años veinte del siglo XX surge una nueva tecnología que permite a los cineastas agregar una banda sonora a los films, ya sea de diálogos, música o efectos sonoros, que aparecerán sincronizados con la imagen en movimiento.Mientras que la incorporación del sonido fue rápida y determinó la desaparición del relator y los músicos en vivo, el color tardó más en ser adoptado por el cine. El público era relativamente indiferente a la fotografía en color opuestamente al blanco y negro. Pero al mejorar los procesos de registro del color y disminuir los costes frente al blanco y negro, más películas se filmaron en color.Algunos denominan al cine actual postmoderno, tanto por su lugar en sucesión al cine clásico como por su proximidad al postmodernismo. Airam Sulbaran

The birth of film

The two second experimental film, Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on Octobe 14, 1888 in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England is generally recognized as the earliest surviving motion picture .
In 1878, under the sponsorship of Leland Stanford, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named "Occident" in fast motion using a series of 12 stereoscopic cameras. The first experience successfully took place on June 11 at the Palo Alto farm in California with the press present. The cameras were arranged along a track parallel to the horse's, and each of the camera shutters was controlled by a trip wire which was triggered by the horse's hooves. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, taking pictures at one thousandth of a second.
At the Chicago 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the "Midway Plaisance" arm of the exposition. He used his zoopraxiscope to show his moving pictures to a paying public, making the Hall the very first commercial movie theater.[1]
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, chief engineer with the Edison Laboratories, is credited with the invention of a practicable form of a celluloid strip containing a sequence of images, the basis of a method of photographing and projecting moving images. Celluloid blocks were thinly sliced, then removed with heated pressure plates. After this, they were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion. In 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, Thomas Edison introduced to the public two pioneering inventions based on this innovation; the Kinetograph, the first practical moving picture camera, and the Kinetoscope. The latter was a cabinet in which a continuous loop of Dickson's celluloid film (powered by an electric motor) was back lit by an incandescent lamp and seen through a magnifying lens. The spectator viewed the image through an eye piece. Kinetoscope parlours were supplied with fifty-foot film snippets photographed by Dickson, in Edison's "Black Maria" studio. These sequences recorded mundane events (such as Fred Ott's Sneeze, 1894) as well as entertainment acts like acrobats, music hall performers and boxing demonstrations.
Kinetoscope parlors soon spread successfully to Europe. Edison, however, never attempted to patent these instruments on the other side of the Atlantic, since they relied so greatly on previous experiments and from Britain and Europe. This enabled the development of imitations, such as the camera devised by British electrician and scientific instrument maker Robert W. Paul and his partner Birt Acres.
Paul had the idea of displaying moving pictures for group audiences, rather than just to individual viewers, and invented a film projector, giving his first public showing in 1895. At about the same time, in France, Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph, a portable, three-in-one device: camera, printer, and projector. In late 1895 in Paris, father Antoine Lumière began exhibitions of projected films before the paying public, beginning the general conversion of the medium to projection (Cook, 1990). They quickly became Europe's main producers with their actualités like Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory and comic vignettes like The Sprinkler Sprinkled (both 1895). Even Edison, initially dismissive of projection, joined the trend with the Vitascope within less than six months. The first public motion-picture film presentation in Europe, though, belongs to Max and Emil Skladanowsky of Berlin, who projected with their apparatus "Bioscop", a flickerfree duplex construction, November 1 through 31, 1895.
That same year in May, in the USA, Eugene Augustin Lauste devised his Eidoloscope for the Latham family. But the first public screening of film ever is due to Jean Aimé "Acme" Le Roy, a French photographer. On February 5, 1894, his 40th birthday, he presented his "Marvellous Cinematograph" to a group of around twenty show business men in New York City.
The movies of the time were seen mostly via temporary storefront spaces and traveling exhibitors or as acts in vaudeville programs. A film could be under a minute long and would usually present a single scene, authentic or staged, of everyday life, a public event, a sporting event or slapstick. There was little to no cinematic technique: no editing and usually no camera movement, and flat, stagey compositions. But the novelty of realistically moving photographs was enough for a motion picture industry to mushroom before the end of the century, in countries around the world.. Airam Sulbaran

The birth of film

The two second experimental film, Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on Octobe 14, 1888 in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England is generally recognized as the earliest surviving motion picture .
In 1878, under the sponsorship of Leland Stanford, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named "Occident" in fast motion using a series of 12 stereoscopic cameras. The first experience successfully took place on June 11 at the Palo Alto farm in California with the press present. The cameras were arranged along a track parallel to the horse's, and each of the camera shutters was controlled by a trip wire which was triggered by the horse's hooves. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, taking pictures at one thousandth of a second.
At the Chicago 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the "Midway Plaisance" arm of the exposition. He used his zoopraxiscope to show his moving pictures to a paying public, making the Hall the very first commercial movie theater.[1]
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, chief engineer with the Edison Laboratories, is credited with the invention of a practicable form of a celluloid strip containing a sequence of images, the basis of a method of photographing and projecting moving images. Celluloid blocks were thinly sliced, then removed with heated pressure plates. After this, they were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion. In 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, Thomas Edison introduced to the public two pioneering inventions based on this innovation; the Kinetograph, the first practical moving picture camera, and the Kinetoscope. The latter was a cabinet in which a continuous loop of Dickson's celluloid film (powered by an electric motor) was back lit by an incandescent lamp and seen through a magnifying lens. The spectator viewed the image through an eye piece. Kinetoscope parlours were supplied with fifty-foot film snippets photographed by Dickson, in Edison's "Black Maria" studio. These sequences recorded mundane events (such as Fred Ott's Sneeze, 1894) as well as entertainment acts like acrobats, music hall performers and boxing demonstrations.
Kinetoscope parlors soon spread successfully to Europe. Edison, however, never attempted to patent these instruments on the other side of the Atlantic, since they relied so greatly on previous experiments and from Britain and Europe. This enabled the development of imitations, such as the camera devised by British electrician and scientific instrument maker Robert W. Paul and his partner Birt Acres.
Paul had the idea of displaying moving pictures for group audiences, rather than just to individual viewers, and invented a film projector, giving his first public showing in 1895. At about the same time, in France, Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph, a portable, three-in-one device: camera, printer, and projector. In late 1895 in Paris, father Antoine Lumière began exhibitions of projected films before the paying public, beginning the general conversion of the medium to projection (Cook, 1990). They quickly became Europe's main producers with their actualités like Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory and comic vignettes like The Sprinkler Sprinkled (both 1895). Even Edison, initially dismissive of projection, joined the trend with the Vitascope within less than six months. The first public motion-picture film presentation in Europe, though, belongs to Max and Emil Skladanowsky of Berlin, who projected with their apparatus "Bioscop", a flickerfree duplex construction, November 1 through 31, 1895.
That same year in May, in the USA, Eugene Augustin Lauste devised his Eidoloscope for the Latham family. But the first public screening of film ever is due to Jean Aimé "Acme" Le Roy, a French photographer. On February 5, 1894, his 40th birthday, he presented his "Marvellous Cinematograph" to a group of around twenty show business men in New York City.
The movies of the time were seen mostly via temporary storefront spaces and traveling exhibitors or as acts in vaudeville programs. A film could be under a minute long and would usually present a single scene, authentic or staged, of everyday life, a public event, a sporting event or slapstick. There was little to no cinematic technique: no editing and usually no camera movement, and flat, stagey compositions. But the novelty of realistically moving photographs was enough for a motion picture industry to mushroom before the end of the century, in countries around the world.

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